Direct malice means that the perpetrator's goal in carrying out the behavior is to achieve a criminal result, unlike Indirect malice, where the perpetrator does not want the result to be achieved, but is aware that the result will occur in the normal course of affairs. Direct malice is achieved by the perpetrator's choice, and any result that is chosen will fall under direct malice; even if it is not the perpetrator's final and ultimate goal. However, the legislator in Article 290 of the Islamic Penal Code has allocated paragraphs A and D to direct malice and paragraphs B and C to Indirect malice. According to the present study, if the perpetrator wants to achieve a result, his malice is directly achieved, even if his hope of achieving the result is negligible; just as if the perpetrator chooses a specific method to achieve the result, but the said result occurs in another way, his malice will also be directly achieved. The legislator has also considered the Intention of a specific individual or individuals to result in an Intentional crime if the crime committed by the perpetrator is committed against the individuals he intends; Unlike when the perpetrator does not have a specific person or people in mind, blaming any person for the crime will result in the commission of an Intentional crime.

Out-of-domain Intent detection in natural language understanding systems faces significant challenges from suboptimal threshold selection and signal degradation through inappropriate normalization techniques. This paper presents an adaptive ensemble thresholding framework that substantially extends our previous conference work by addressing fundamental limitations in existing variational autoencoder-based detection methods. Our approach combines reconstruction loss from variational autoencoders with classifier confidence scores to create a unified detection signal that captures both semantic deviation and prediction uncertainty. The framework incorporates a novel smart scaling strategy that preserves natural separation ratios between in-domain and out-of-domain samples, preventing the signal destruction caused by standard normalization approaches. Through systematic parameter optimization using grid search techniques, the method adaptively determines optimal ensemble weights and threshold selection strategies tailored to specific dataset characteristics. We evaluate our framework across multiple datasets with varying semantic complexity and domain structures, demonstrating consistent performance improvements over baseline variational autoencoder approaches and recent state-of-the-art methods. Compared to our previous VAE-based approach, the framework demonstrates an average performance gain of 3.15 percentage points across all evaluation metrics. Our analysis reveals that ensemble scaling strategy significantly impacts detection performance, with proper signal preservation being more critical than sophisticated threshold selection methods. This work provides a principled approach to adaptive ensemble learning for out-of-domain detection, offering a robust solution that generalizes effectively across diverse datasets and linguistic contexts including low-resource languages like Persian.

Objective: Self poisoning is one of the most common forms of suicides and a frequent cause of hospitalization in Accidents and Emergency Departments, especially in the younger age groups.This research was prompted by the current lack of reliable and adequate information on the epidemiology of suicide, and its main objective was to provide a basis for effective interventions in the future. The present article is the second section of a two-part paper on the epidemiology of self-poisoning in Iran.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Tehran, Mashad, Tabriz, Isfahan, Shiraz and Kermanshah (5 major Provinces of Iran). This article deals with results from data analysis and comparisons between cases of suicide and accidental self-poisoning.Results: In all, 723 cases were studied. Among those who had committed suicide, the frequency of severe physical illness was greater in women compared to men (P<0.002). The mean age of the subjects who expressed regret after the suicidal gesture was significantly lower than those who did not (P<0.003). Moreover, subjects who had a real Intention to kill themselves were significantly older than those who did not have such an Intention (P<0.01). Results from logistic regression analysis showed that higher age, male gender, and residing in Tehran were associated with a higher probability of deliberate self-poisoning (P<0.001 for all the three variables). In addition, having a definite plan for suicide and previous history of a suicidal attempt were significantly related to having real Intention to die (Odds ratios 2.52 and 1.87, respectively) Conclusion:  Most hospitalizations in poisoning wards (>74%) involve suicidal self-poisoning. Measures must be taken at all three levels of prevention with special attention to the epidemiology of the problem in different regions.

Objective: Self poisoning is one of the most common forms of suicide- especially in adolescents- and constitutes a major reason for hospitalization and referral to emergency wards. The high frequency of repeated attempts together with the shortage of reliable epidemiologic data makes it difficult to plan effective preventive measures. The present article is the first section of a two-part paper on the epidemiology of self-poisoning in Iran Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Tehran, Mashad, Tabriz, Isfahan, Shiraz and Kermanshah (5 major provinces of Iran). Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and were analyzed in a descriptive fashion. Results: In all, 723 cases were studied. There were 550 cases (%71) of self poisoning with suicidal Intent. The mean age of those who had attempted suicide was (25.42 ± 10.26) years; sixty percent (n=330) were female and the remaining 40% (n=220) were male. Eighty percent of attempted suicides involved the use of drugs; other suicide modalities included poisons, psychotropic substances and other chemicals. Thirty-one percent of the cases reported previous suicidal gestures. The mean number of past suicidal attempts was 2.08 (SD = 2.28).Conclusion: The findings show that the frequency of attempted suicide is relatively high. To deal with the current situation, issues of mental heath have to be addressed more attentively and hospital emergency wards must be provided with adequate equipment and trained manpower (psychologists, psychiatrists, toxicologists, etc).

Inadequacy of administrative and civil sanctions in curbing risky activities of legal entities has made the legal systems such as of Britain -from 19th century- and recently Iran 1-2-1392- to recognize their criminal liability based on the reasons such as the nature of criminology, similarity of the principles of civil responsibility and criminal liability of these persons, more précising of the members in selection of directors, the difficulty of identifying the individuals who are guilty. But this liability is with this main question that what is the criterion of attributing a crime to a legal entity? How can the fact of fault be attributed to a fictitious thing? Legal doctrines regarding the qualification of the attributing of a crime a legal entity are not agreed on a single model. Some of these models, such as vicarious liability, consider the Indirect responsibility for legal entity by resorting to the principle of representation. In contrast, some other models, such as the doctrine of assimilation and the doctrine of policy of the legal entity, consider this entity as a direct responsible for. Answering the mentioned questions and examine the approach of these two systems, this paper is based on the premise that that model of responsibility is more appropriate which founded on the systematic failure.